The EU has no shortage of security rules - but enforcement remains the real challenge. The European Commission's internal security plan, ProtectEU, aims to unify and strengthen Europe’s security approach, particularly around supply chains, including ICT and 5G.

The EU must shift from voluntary guidelines to legally binding framework to advance the ideas set in the 5G security toolbox. A uniform security standard across all Member States would prevent patchwork enforcement and strengthen the region’s security.